OECD issued on 7 November 2023, its annual key health publication - Health at a Glance 2023 OECD Indicators. Pprovides comprehensive set of public health indicators and performance of health systems in OECD member countries and key emerging economies. They include health status, health risk factors, access to healthcare and its quality and resources. Analysis based on recent comparable official national statistics and other sources.
In addition to the analysis of individual indicators, the overview chapter provides comparison of country performance and main trends. This issue also focuses specifically on: digital healthmeasuring digital readiness of the health systems of OECD countries stating what countries must do in order to: accelerate the digital transformation of health.
- Health systems are under financial pressure. This reflects a difficult economic climate in which competitive priorities reduce the amount of public money available for health care.
- The main indicators of population health show that society is still fully has not recovered from the pandemic and many people still have mental and physical problems.
- Unhealthy lifestyles and adverse environments cause the premature death of millions of people. Smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of physical activity and obesity are the main cause of many chronic diseases.
- Obstacles to access to healthcare they persist despite general health policies in most OECD countries.
- Increasing attention to primary care and prevention is one important way to simultaneously improve accessibility and efficiency.
- Quality of care improves in terms of safety and efficacy.
- Digital health has enormous potential to transform health systems. However, many countries are badly prepared to transform digital health.
Evaluation:
Although life expectancy has increased in most countries over the last decade.
–Slovakia is one of the countries with the lowest life expectancy (less than 75 years). At the same time, this figure has been reduced during the pandemic (probably temporarily);
In most OECD countries, the daily smoking rate has decreased from 20,4% in 2011 to 15,9% in 2021 over the last decade.
–However, in Slovakia, Luxembourg and Turkey, smoking rates have increased (2 percentage points).
breast cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in women.
–Slovak Republic ranks among countries with the lowest screening rate (preventive mammography) below 30% (in contrast, in Denmark, Finland, Portugal and Sweden up to 80% or more of women aged 50-69).
Among OECD countries, it belonged in 2021 Slovakia to the group of countries with the highest cancer mortality rates (Hungary, Slovak Republic240 and more deaths per 100 000 inhabitants).
–The waiting periods have increased since 2011, mainly in Slovenia, Estonia, Ireland and the Slovak Republic.
–Slovakia belongs to countries with the highest rate of coverage of outpatient medical care from the compulsory insurance system (over 90%).
The pharmaceutical preparations and other medical supplies are main component of household expenditure, which represented on average in 2021 43% of PPE - Out Of Pocket health expenditure.
in Mexico, Slovak Republic Poland account for more than 60 per cent of the PPE;
The WHO recommended target for seasonal influenza vaccination, 75% of people aged 65 and over, was achieved in 2021 only in the UK (81%), KR (80%) and DK and IE (75%);
–The immunisation rate in Slovakia was less than 15%.
From 2019 to 2021 Slovak Republic Poland, have experienced a significant increase in mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
In the same period, Lithuania Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic k significant increase in death from ischaemic stroke.
The expenditure on medical goods (including medicines) in lower-income countries often represents a higher share of expenditure compared to services. For example, in 2021 they represented health expenditure in Slovakia about 30% of all health expenditure.
expenditure on outpatients in Greece, the Netherlands and Slovak Republic, remained in 2021 below 20% of total healthcare expenditure.
The density of doctors is generally higher in metropolitan regions.
In 2021 they were differences in the density of doctors between metropolitan and remote regions the largest in Lithuania, Latvia and Slovak Republic.
The number of nurses per 1,000 inhabitants has increased in almost all OECD countries over the past decade. except Latvia, the Slovak Republic and Sweden, where it decreased slightly between 2011 and 2021.
Many medical faculties in RO, BG Slovakia, CZ, HU and PL attract more and more foreign medical students, often by offering programs in English. In most cases these foreign students they do not stay in the country after completing their studies.
Without further prevention and progress in medicine, 12 OECD member countries (CZ, EE, FI, HU, IT, JP, LV, LT, PL, PT, Slovakia and SL) The incidence of dementia is at least 25 people per 1,000 inhabitants., while in three countries (JP, LV, SL) it is more than 30 people per 1 000 inhabitants.
Information:
Health expenditure per person averaged less than USD 5 000, ranging from USD 12 555 in the United States to USD 1 181 in Mexico (adjusted for differences in purchasing power).
While the number of workers in health and social care is constantly increasing, Concerns about their lack are becoming more and more urgent. Population ageing is one of the reasons why the demand for health and long-term care workers seems to exceed supply; in 2021, on average, 18% of the population will be aged 65 and over.
High inflation in some countries reduce real health incomes, making it difficult to obtain and maintain health workers. Analysis of longer-term trends Real wage growth for health workers significantly differed, with Most Central and Eastern European countries From 2011 onwards Large increase (including Slovakia), while in Finland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom real wages stagnated or decreased.
From 2019 to 2021 average life expectancy in OECD countries decreased by an average of 0.7 years. Although preliminary data for 2022 point to recovery in some countries, in 28 countries life expectancy remains below prepandemic levels.
Heart attack, stroke and other circulatory diseases caused more than one in four deaths; One in five deaths was due to cancer and COVID-19 caused 7% of all deaths (registered data) in 2021. Almost a third of all deaths were possible Prevent more effective and timely prevention and measures in the field of healthcare.
On average, more than one third of people aged 16 and over said that they live with a long-standing disease or health problem. Socio-economic differences are large: on average, 43% of people in the lowest quintile income reported a long-term problem compared to 27% of the richest quintile.
Obesity rates continue to rise in most OECD countries, with 54 percent of adults are overweight or obese and on average 18% is obese. Healthy diet and physical activity are very important, but on average only 15% of adults consume five or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day and only 40% perform at least 150 minutes of physical activity of medium to high intensity per week.
Although Daily Smoking rates continue to decline in most OECD countries, on average 16% of people aged 15 and over are still smoking daily; and Regular use of e-cigarette products is on the rise. Smoking rates were higher than 25% in France and Turkey as well as in China, Bulgaria and Indonesia.
Almost one in five adults (19%) stated that on average at least once a month, he over-ingested alcoholIn Germany, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom and Denmark, the rate of this phenomenon was higher than 30%.
Shortcomings in financial protection make healthcare less accessible. On average, households' own-account payments account for less than a fifth of health expenditure, with more than 40% in Mexico. For the least wealthy people, the average three times more likely to delay or seek healthcare, such as those from the highest income quintile.
Waiting times, which are a long-standing problem in many countries, become even worse as a result of COVID-19. Waiting times for hip and knee replacement, two routine planned operations, have generally improved since the peak of the pandemic, but in most countries there are still higher than before pandemic.
Teleconsultations can improve accessibility, especially in remote areas. The number of teleconsultations has increased significantly since the pandemic, accounting for an average of 19% of all doctor consultations in 2021.
Patient safety indicators show encouraging results: for example, safe prescribing of primary care medicinal products has improved over time in most countries, with decreased mean volume of antibiotics, opioids and long-prescribed anti-clotting medicinal products. Nevertheless, patient safety remains a problem, with 57% of hospital doctors and nurses see staff levels and the pace of work as dangerous.
Number of avoidable hospitalizations reduced in the last decade in most OECD countries, with significant reductions in Lithuania, Mexico, Poland and Slovak Republic. This suggests that primary care helps to keep people in good condition and treat uncomplicated cases.
Acute care services continue to improve in their basic task of keeping people alive. Almost every OECD country is 30-day post-infarction or stroke mortality lower than 10 years ago. However, these mortality rates increased slightly on average between 2019 and 2021 due to a delay in treatment during a pandemic.
The country's readiness for digital transformation depends on Strong levels of health data managementcoherent approaches to digital security and the ability to use digital tools responsibly (including artificial intelligence) for the public benefit.
Although 90% of OECD countries have an electronic health portal in place, only 42% said that the public has access to and can work with all their data through the portal. About a third (38%) of countries has no clinical standards or certification of system suppliers electronic health records, which limits the interoperability of health data.
"Health at a Glance 2023" publication download in pdf file (size 15.9 MB)